yoga introduction

Yoga

This article is about the umbrella term "yoga" which includes religion, philosophy, and practices. For one of the six Hindu philosophy schools, see Yoga (philosophy). For the popular yoga that explains and emphasizes the physical practices or disciplines, see Hatha yoga. For other uses, see Yoga (disambiguation).

Male and female yogis from 17th- and 18th-century India

Yoga (/ˈjoʊɡə/;^[1] Sanskrit, योगः Listen) is a group of physical, mental, and spiritualpractices or disciplines which originated in ancient India. There is a broad variety of yoga schools, practices, and goals^[2] in Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism.^[3][4][5] Among the most well-known types of yoga are Hatha yoga and Rāja yoga.^[6]

The origins of yoga have been speculated to date back to pre-Vedic Indian traditions; it is mentioned in the Rigveda,^{[note 1]} but most likely developed around the sixth and fifth centuries BCE,^[8] in ancient India's ascetic and śramaṇa movements.^{[9][note 2]} The chronology of earliest texts describing yoga-practices is unclear, varyingly credited to Hindu Upanishads.^[10] The Yoga Sutras of Patanjalidate from the first half of the 1st millennium CE,^[11][12] but only gained prominence in the West in the 20th century.^[13] Hatha yoga texts emerged around the 11th century with origins in tantra.^[14][15]

Yoga gurus from India later introduced yoga to the West,^[16] following the success of Swami Vivekananda in the late 19th and early 20th century.^[16] In the 1980s, yoga became popular as a system of physical exerciseacross the Western world.^[15] Yoga in Indian traditions, however, is more than physical exercise; it has a meditative and spiritual core.^[17] One of the six major orthodox schools of Hinduism is also called Yoga, which has its own epistemology and metaphysics, and is closely related to Hindu Samkhya philosophy.^[18]

Many studies have tried to determine the effectiveness of yoga as a complementary intervention for cancer, schizophrenia, asthma, and heart disease.^[19][20] The results of these studies have been mixed and inconclusive.^[19][20] On December 1, 2016, yoga was listed by UNESCO as an Intangible cultural heritage.^[21]